Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1:

The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

CASA Recreational Pilot License (Aeroplane) — Lesson 6, Pre-flight theory

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Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

What is the circuit?

  • What do you already know about the pattern aeroplanes fly around an aerodrome?
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

What is the circuit?

  • What do you already know about the pattern aeroplanes fly around an aerodrome?
  • Can you describe the difference between upwind and downwind and why this difference is very important.
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

This is not a circuit

Nor is it an example of a safe or standard landing. But it does highlight the benefit of landing into wind. In particular:

  • What do you notice about the ground speed
  • What do you imagine the ground speed to be had this plane been flying in the opposite direction?
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

What is the circuit?

In addition to the updwind/downwind orientation that improves safety, the circuit enables us to maintain safe separation from other aircraft that are taking off or landing:

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Theory Lesson Overview — Part 1

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Learning Objectives — Part 1

By the end of this session, our aim is to be able to:

  • Describe the five legs of a standard circuit and the heights / headings at each.
  • Explain why take-off and landing are conducted into wind.
  • Interpret a windsock to estimate wind speed and direction.
  • Outline (or chair-fly!) the take-off technique from line-up to circuit height.
  • List the operating procedures and checklists used inside the circuit.
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Waypoint 1 — The Circuit Pattern

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

The standard five-leg circuit

Diagram showing the left-hand standard traffic pattern with the five legs (upwind, crosswind, downwind, base, final) labelled around a runway, with wind direction indicated.

  • Upwind / Departure — extended runway centreline, climbing to ~500 ft AGL.
  • Crosswind — 90° turn from upwind; climb continues to circuit height.
  • Downwind — parallel to the runway, opposite direction, at circuit height (typically 1000 ft AGL).
  • Base — 90° turn from downwind, descending toward final.
  • Final — aligned with the runway, on the approach path.

A standard circuit is a left-hand circuit and has five legs — every joining and departing aircraft fits into one.

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Right-hand circuits

The right-hand traffic pattern showing how the pattern reverses around the runway compared with the standard left-hand circuit.

Although the standard circuit is a left-hand pattern — with the runway off the left wing on downwind, some aerodromes specify right-hand circuits for noise, terrain, or airspace reasons — always check the aerodrome chart.

Sometimes these right-hand circuits may be only during certain times of day.

Check your local aerodrome chart for local flight procedures and traffic regulations

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Circuit heights — active and non-active sides

CASA VFRG recommended circuit join diagram showing 500 ft and 1,000 ft AGL circuit heights and the active/non-active side distinction.

Confirm your circuit direction and any other local traffic regulations on the aerodrome chart

  • Circuit height: 1,000 ft AGL on the active (circuit) side.
  • Non-active side: arrive at not less than 500 ft above circuit height before joining.
  • Do not overfly the aerodrome below 1,500 ft AGL (check local rules).

Image © Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia — CASA VFRG p. 248

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Waypoint 2 — Wind and Runway Choice

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Why take-off and landing into wind?

  • Lower groundspeed at the same airspeed → shorter ground roll on take-off and landing.
  • Better directional control as soon as the controls become effective.
  • The aircraft is already flying at a lower groundspeed → safer if anything goes wrong on the runway.
  • Better clearance of obstacles as your climb angle is improved relative to the ground.

Take-off and land into wind — every time, unless the runway choice is forced.

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Reading the windsock

The Civil Aviation Safety Authority has some clear videos based on Visual Flight Rules Guide.

  • The sock points in the direction the wind is going (away from the wind source).
  • Angle of the sock estimates wind speed:
    • Half-extended (~45°): ~ 15 kt.
    • Fully extended (~horizontal): 25-30 kt.
    • Drooping: light and variable.

CASA VFRG windsock interpretation diagram

Where available, always confirm the wind speed and direction with the AWIS / ATIS.

The windsock diagram shown is copyright CASA and available in the CASA Visual Flight Rules Guide on page 523.

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Waypoint 3 — Take-off Technique

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Pre-take-off checks and line-up

  • Complete the pre-take-off checklist before taxiing to the holding point of the runway.
  • At the holding point it's common to have some final holding point checks on a checklist for your aircraft, usually including checking pitot heat, strobe lights, transponder set to ALT, windsock check and importantly, clearing the approach with a visual scan + radio monitoring.
  • Depending on your aerodrome, you may require a clearance to enter the runway, otherwise its usually mandatory to broadcast that you're entering and lining up on a specific runway.
  • Line up on the runway centreline, aircraft straight.
  • Identify the aiming point and the runway markings.

Check the specific pre-take-off and holding point checklist items used in your aircraft type.

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

The take-off roll

Take-off sequence: takeoff roll on the runway, takeoff pitch attitude at rotation, lift-off, climb at best climb speed (VY or VX), transition to safe manoeuvring altitude and en-route climb.

  • Release brakes and Smoothly apply full power; check engine instruments in the green.
  • Keep straight with rudder — expect a left yaw from prop effects.
  • Hold the attitude — let the aircraft fly itself off at the rotation speed.
  • At positive rate of climb, pitch for VY (best rate of climb).
  • Track the extended centreline to 500 ft AGL.

Smooth power. Centreline. Attitude. Climb.

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

After take-off — climb to circuit height

  • At 500 ft AGL on the upwind leg → consider the after take-off checklist (next slide).
  • Turn crosswind at 500 ft (or aerodrome-published point), continuing the climb.
  • Level off at circuit height on downwind.

Familiarise yourself with the after take-off checklist for your aircraft type and any local altitude/turn-points before your flight

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Waypoint 4 — Procedures and Checklists

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

After take-off — checklist

There are different mnemonics for after-takeoff checklists that people use, such as FACTS or FLAREE (in fact, there are too many mnemonics). The key points for an after take-off checklist at this stage in our training is:

  • Flaps - retract in stages once above 200ft and with sufficient speed
  • Landing lights - can be switched off at 500ft
  • Auxiliary fuel pump - can be switched off at 500ft (verify fuel pressure when doing so.

Check your aeroplane manual for other items and create your own mnemonic checklist.

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Aeroplane operating procedures in the circuit

  • Workload is high in the circuit — checklists keep you ahead of the aircraft.
  • Standard checklists for this lesson:
    • Pre-take-off (can be read out)
    • Holding point (can be read out)
    • After take-off (needs to be memorised)
    • Pre-landing (covered in Part 2)
    • Short-final (covered in Part 2)
  • Use flow then verify: complete the actions, then confirm against the printed checklist.
  • Memorise the airborne circuit checklists for your training to reduce the workload / stress during circuits.
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Waypoint 5 — Recap

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

What have we learned?

  • Name the five legs of the circuit in order.
  • Identify three benefits for taking off and landing into wind.
  • List the wind speeds you can determine from a windsock.
  • Identify the next steps once power is set on the take-off roll?
  • When does the after take-off checklist get done?
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Summary — Theory Part 1

Topic Key point
Circuit pattern Five legs — upwind, crosswind, downwind, base, final. 1000 ft AGL circuit height (typical). Left-hand unless published otherwise.
Wind & runway Take off and land into wind for lower groundspeed and better control.
Windsock Points the way the wind is going. Fully out ≥ 15 kt, 45° ≈ 7–10 kt.
Take-off Smooth power, centreline with rudder, attitude, let it fly off, climb at VY.
After take-off Checklist at ~500 ft AGL; level off at circuit height on downwind.
Operating Checklists are the safety net for high-workload circuit operations.
Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Arrival — End of Part 1

Circuit Introduction — Theory Part 1: The Circuit Pattern and Take-off

Questions?

This is the first time the student will be focusing on the structured pattern of the circuit at the aerodrome. So far they've operated in the training area: this lesson brings them back inside the circuit and into close coordination with other traffic. This transition will need to be a gradual one over the next few lessons, worked out between you the instructor, and the student. The circuit briefings are also broken up into chunks along the CASA syllabus lines. Part 1 covers the geometry of the circuit, why we use wind direction to choose a runway, and the take-off itself. Part 2 covers operating in the circuit, the approach, landing, and touch-and-go procedures.

Most students have watched aircraft from the ground, or seen it from a passenger seat. Anchor their existing mental model first. This is a chance to draw out existing knowledge on which we can base the learning. Key ideas to draw out: - Predictability — every pilot knows where to look for other aircraft. - Separation — aircraft are spaced in time and altitude through the pattern. - Standard energy management — the pattern is designed so a normal aircraft can manage descent and configuration changes inside it.

This is a lead-in to the STOL video.

Approximate timings — about 33 minutes for Part 1, leaving headroom in the 0.8 hr theory window for questions and to bleed into Part 2.

These objectives mirror the CASA long-briefing topics for lesson 6, narrowed to Part 1. Part 2 picks up the in-circuit, approach, and landing objectives.

Click Direct-To to arrive at The Circuit Pattern.

Source: FAA AFH Fig 8-1 (Airport Traffic Patterns). Heights here are CASA / NZ defaults; emphasise that the actual circuit height is published per aerodrome and must be checked.

Most aerodromes carry no circuit height in their ERSA FAC entry — they rely on the standard default of 1,000 ft AGL. Only aerodromes with a non-standard height publish one explicitly. The whiteboard "Circuit Introduction" (NZ CAA) is a clean reference for the student. A local aerodrome diagram is still worth pulling up in the briefing if you have one handy. Source: CASA VFRG Chapter 3 — Flying your aircraft, p. 248. The active side is the side of the runway from which the circuit is flown. The non-active side is the opposite side. Aircraft joining from the non-active side must be at or above 1,500 ft AGL (500 ft above the standard 1,000 ft circuit) before crossing to the active side. Keep this slide brief — the student's first circuits will focus on flying the pattern; the joining procedure is covered in a later lesson.

Click Direct-To to arrive at Wind and Runway Choice.

Emphasise: the *air* doesn't care about runways — speed through the air is what generates lift. A 10 kt headwind means the aircraft is "doing" 10 kt before the wheels move. PHAK Ch 11 (Aircraft Performance) covers headwind/tailwind effects on take-off distance.

Emphasise: the windsock at the threshold matters more than the windsock across the field — surface wind varies.

Click Direct-To to arrive at Take-off Technique.

Source: FAA AFH Fig 6-1 (Takeoffs and Departure Climbs). Emphasise: don't pull the aircraft off the ground — wait for it to fly. Forcing rotation early degrades climb performance. The figure shows the natural progression: roll → takeoff attitude → lift-off → climb. Reference: CASA MOS A2.2 (Take off aeroplane) covers the full performance criteria.

Click Direct-To to arrive at Procedures and Checklists.

Emphasise: in the circuit, every leg has work to do — checks, lookout, radio, configuration, navigation. Checklists are the safety net.

Click Direct-To to arrive at Recap.

Pose these as recall questions before showing the answers on the next slide.

This is the answer key for the recall slide. Walk through quickly.

Open the floor before moving to Part 2 (in-circuit operations, approach, and landing).